Secure Password Storage

TL;DR

Use a password manager with strong encryption (like Argon2) and enable multi-factor authentication. Back up your data regularly to multiple secure locations, and consider using a hardware security key for extra protection.

1. Choose a Reputable Password Manager

A good password manager is the foundation of secure password storage. Look for these features:

• Strong Encryption: Argon2 is currently considered one of the most secure options. Avoid managers using older algorithms like SHA-1 or MD5.
• Zero-Knowledge Architecture: This means the provider cannot access your passwords, even if they are hacked.
• Multi-Platform Support: Choose a manager that works on all your devices (computers, phones, tablets).
• Open Source (Optional): Open source allows independent security audits.

Popular options include Bitwarden, 1Password, and LastPass (though LastPass has had security incidents in the past – research current status before choosing).

2. Generate Strong, Unique Passwords

Never reuse passwords! A password manager will handle generating and storing them for you.

• Password Length: Aim for at least 16 characters; longer is better.
• Complexity: Use a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Randomness: Avoid predictable patterns or personal information.

Most password managers have built-in generators. For example, in Bitwarden:

bitwarden generate --length 16

3. Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

MFA adds an extra layer of security beyond your master password.

• Authenticator Apps: Google Authenticator, Authy, or Microsoft Authenticator are good choices.
• Hardware Security Keys: YubiKey or similar devices provide the strongest protection against phishing and account takeover.

Always enable MFA on your password manager *and* any other critical accounts (email, banking, etc.).

4. Back Up Your Data Regularly

Password managers can fail or be compromised. Regular backups are essential.

• Export File: Most managers allow you to export your passwords as an encrypted file.
• Multiple Locations: Store backups in at least two separate, secure locations (e.g., a cloud storage service and an offline drive).
• Test Restores: Periodically verify that you can successfully restore your data from your backups.

For example, Bitwarden allows exporting as JSON:

bitwarden export --plaintext 

(Note: the `–plaintext` option is for testing restores only; always use an encrypted export file for actual backups.)

5. Master Password Security

Your master password protects everything. Treat it with extreme care.

• Complexity and Length: Use a long, complex passphrase (at least 16 characters).
• Memorization: Don’t write it down! If you must, store it in a separate secure location *not* connected to your computer.
• Avoid Common Phrases: Do not use dictionary words or personal information.

6. Phishing Awareness

Be vigilant against phishing attacks.

• Verify URLs: Always double-check the website address before entering your credentials.
• Suspicious Emails: Be wary of emails asking you to reset your password or log in to your account.
• Hardware Key Protection: If using a hardware key, ensure it prompts you for verification on legitimate login attempts only.

7. Regular Security Audits

Stay informed about potential vulnerabilities and security best practices.

• Password Manager Updates: Keep your password manager software up to date.
• Security News: Follow cybersecurity news sources for information on emerging threats.