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Fingerprint Readers: Are They Secure?

G5 Cyber Security

TL;DR

Fingerprint readers are generally more secure than passwords alone, but they aren’t foolproof. Spoofing attacks and data breaches are risks. Use strong PINs/passwords *with* fingerprint scanning for the best protection, and keep your software updated.

Understanding How Fingerprint Readers Work

Fingerprint readers don’t store an actual image of your fingerprint. Instead, they capture unique points called ‘minutiae’ – ridge endings, bifurcations (splits), and other features. This data is converted into a mathematical template which is stored securely.

Risks with Fingerprint Readers

  1. Spoofing Attacks: Someone could potentially create a fake fingerprint to bypass the reader.
  2. Data Breaches: If the database storing your fingerprint templates is hacked, that data could be misused (although it’s very difficult to recreate a working fingerprint from just the template).
  3. Compromised Sensors: Malware or physical tampering with the sensor itself can allow attackers access.
  4. False Positives/Negatives: Readers aren’t perfect and may occasionally fail to recognise your print, or incorrectly accept another one.

How to Improve Fingerprint Reader Security

  1. Use a Strong Backup Method: Always set up a strong PIN, password, or pattern as a backup authentication method. This is crucial if the fingerprint reader fails or is compromised.
    • Avoid easily guessable PINs (like birthdays or ‘1234’).
    • Use a password manager to create and store complex passwords.
  2. Keep Software Updated: Regularly update the software on your device (operating system, fingerprint reader drivers). Updates often include security patches that address vulnerabilities. 
    # Example command for updating packages on Debian/Ubuntu Linux:
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
  3. Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): If available, use MFA in addition to fingerprint scanning. This adds an extra layer of security.
    • Examples include using a code sent to your phone or email.
  4. Be Careful with Sensor Access: Be mindful of apps requesting access to your fingerprint reader. Only grant access to trusted applications.

    On Android, check app permissions in Settings > Security > Fingerprint.

  5. Consider the Reader Type: Different types of readers have varying levels of security:
    • Optical Readers: Older technology, more susceptible to spoofing.
    • Capacitive Readers: More secure than optical readers, but can still be bypassed with high-quality fakes.
    • Ultrasonic Readers: The most secure type, as they create a 3D map of your fingerprint.
  6. Protect Against Physical Tampering: Be aware of potential physical attacks on the sensor itself (e.g., someone replacing it with a compromised version). This is more relevant in high-security environments.

What About Fingerprint Data Storage?

Most modern devices store fingerprint data securely using encryption and isolated hardware modules (like the Secure Enclave on iPhones or Trusted Execution Environment on Android phones). However, breaches can still happen. That’s why strong backups are so important.

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