For every dollar they spend, the payoff can be four times as much or more, a study from Positive Technologies has found. The study looked at how much these groups have been spending, on average, to gain initial access to a target network and how much they are spending on developing the attack after they gain a foothold. The starting price for a full set of tools for attacks on large financial enterprises could be as high as $55,000, while some cyber espionage campaigns can start at over $500,000.”]