3ve was comprised of three sub-operations that evolved rapidly, using sophisticated tactics aimed at exploiting data centers, computers infected with malware, spoofed fraudulent domains, and fake websites. Through its varied and complex machinery, 3ve generated billions of fraudulent ad bid requests (i.e., ad spaces on web pages that advertisers can bid to purchase in an automated way) 3ves focus, like many ad fraud schemes, was not a single player or system, but rather the whole advertising ecosystem. Industry bodies such as the IAB, Trustworthy Accountability Group (TAG), Media Rating Council, and Joint Industry Committee for Web Standards are serving as agents of change and collaboration across our industry.”]
Source: https://security.googleblog.com/2018/11/industry-collaboration-leads-to.html